独家专访张伯礼丨新冠感染核心问题六问六答******
央广网北京1月9日消息（记者卜叶万玉航）阳康后，依然感受到咳嗽、咽痛、浑身疼、乏力、心慌出汗、睡眠不实等，张伯礼院士表示，这往往是因为器官组织受到毒素攻击以及触发炎性后造成损伤后，身体免疫系统正在修复。他提醒，阳康后还要注意休息，休息的时间一般来说需要两周左右。
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要点选摘：
新冠感染后如何治疗？如何用药？
张伯礼院士：
体温超过38.5℃可适量服用芬必得等退烧药。适度发烧，可有效激活人体免疫功能，更利于对抗病毒。
不必刻意挑选某种感冒药，不主张中西药同时服用，减少对肝肾的负担和对胃的刺激。
不建议前期、早期使用抗生素对抗病毒。
“吞刀片”症状如何缓解？
张伯礼院士：
为了缓解症状，可以服用中药的六神丸、清咽滴丸。也可以喝蜂蜜水，改善咽喉症状。
雾化装置或者水蒸气，对改善咽痛鼻塞也有好处。用冰盐水清洗鼻腔，能够增强鼻腔、口腔黏膜的免疫功能。浓度可以比生理盐水稍微浓一点，放冰箱冷藏，用来漱口。
按摩穴位也可以起到辅助改善症状的作用。
有哪些症状是重症预告？
张伯礼院士：
有以下情况要留意：高烧不退。高烧（38℃以上）超过3天，给药后持续不退。
呼吸困难。活动后喘，安静时呼吸每分钟超过30次。
持续性呕吐腹泻。
原有基础病有加重趋势。
精神淡漠，不愿意理人，或者出现烦躁、焦虑等。
老年人应该注意什么？
张伯礼院士：
建议老人聚集的重点场所，比如养老院实行闭环管理，同时定期开展核酸或抗原检测。
谨防老年人沉默式缺氧。老年人耐受力差，反应能力差，缺氧后，往往不会表现出呼吸困难、急促，需要观察老年人的精神状态和血氧浓度。
体温过高或过低都要保持警惕。
为什么会复阳？二次感染跟复阳是一回事吗？
张伯礼院士：
复阳主要是因为病毒排泄不畅，可能与患者痰比较黏稠，形成痰栓，而痰栓里包裹的病毒沉积在肺的小气道暂时排不出来有关。此后肺修复过程中排出痰栓，也带出了病毒，所以呈现出复阳的表现。
但复阳者，培养不出来活病毒，一般是病毒碎片，且没有传染性。
二次感染是指感染转阴后，超过一、两个月后再次被感染，这往往是因为感染了不同变异株，但二次感染概率不是太高。所以转阴后，还要做好个人防护，包括戴口罩、勤洗手，勤通风，保持社交距离等。
阳康后身体仍需要复原
张伯礼院士：
感受到咳嗽、咽痛、浑身疼、乏力、心慌出汗、睡眠不实等，往往是因为器官组织受到毒素攻击造成损伤后，身体免疫系统在修复。
阳康后还要注意休息两周左右，期间不要剧烈活动。
特别提醒，阳康后，如果出现莫名其妙地心率加快，心率达到100以上，甚至110以上，而且心跳不规律，中间出现停跳；或出现头昏，眼前发黑，看东西不清楚，这些表现有可能是心肌炎的前兆，需要及时到医院去检查。
现在接种疫苗还来得及吗？
张伯礼院士：
建议没有感染的老人，尽快去接种。
建议接种第四针选择异种疫苗，形成序贯接种，效果比较好。
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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